Characterization and efficacy against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii of a novel Friunavirus phage from sewage.

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has become a new threat in recent years, owing to its rapidly increasing resistance to antibiotics and new effective therapies are needed to combat this pathogen. Phage therapy is considered to be the most promising alternative for treating CRAB infections. In this study, a novel phage, Ab_WF01, which can lyse clinical CRAB, was isolated and characterized from hospital sewage. The multiplicity of infection, morphology, one-step growth curve, stability, sensitivity, and lytic activity of the phage were also investigated. The genome of phage Ab_WF01 was 41, 317 bp in size with a GC content of 39.12% and encoded 51 open reading frames (ORFs). tRNA, virulence, and antibiotic resistance genes were not detected in the phage genome. Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses suggest that phage Ab_WF01 is a novel species of the genus Friunavirus, subfamily Beijerinckvirinae, and family Autographiviridae. The in vivo results showed that phage Ab_WF01 significantly increased the survival rate of CRAB-infected Galleria mellonella (from 0% to 70% at 48 h) and mice (from 0% to 60% for 7 days). Moreover, after day 3 post-infection, phage Ab_WF01 reduced inflammatory response, with strongly ameliorated histological damage and bacterial clearance in infected tissue organs (lungs, liver, and spleen) in mouse CRAB infection model. Taken together, these results show that phage Ab_WF01 holds great promise as a potential alternative agent with excellent stability for against CRAB infections.

Fe-CGS Effectively Inhibits the Dynamic Migration and Transformation of Cadmium and Arsenic in Soil.

The iron-modified coal gasification slag (Fe-CGS) material has excellent performance in purifying heavy-metal-contaminated water due to its good surface properties and adsorption capacities. However, it is unclear whether it can provide long-term simultaneous stabilization of Cd and As in composite-contaminated soils in extreme environments. This study investigated the long-term stabilization of Cd and As in acidic (JLG) and alkaline (QD) soils by simulating prolonged heavy rainfall with the addition of Fe-CGS. Multiple extraction methods were used to analyze the immobilization mechanisms of Cd and As in soil and their effects on bioavailability. The results indicate that the stabilization efficiency was related to the dosage of Fe-CGS. The concentrations of Cd and As in the JLG soil leachate were reduced by 77.6% (2.0 wt%) and 87.8% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Additionally, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 46.7% (2.0 wt%) and 53.0% (1.0 wt%), respectively. In the QD soil leachate, the concentration of Cd did not significantly change, while the concentration of As decreased by 92.3% (2.0 wt%). Furthermore, the availability of Cd and As decreased by 22.1% (2.0 wt%) and 40.2% (1.0 wt%), respectively. Continuous extraction revealed that Fe-CGS facilitated the conversion of unstable, acid-soluble Cd into oxidizable Cd and acid-soluble Cd. Additionally, it promoted the transformation of both non-specifically and specifically adsorbed As into amorphous iron oxide-bound and residual As. Fe-CGS effectively improved the soil pH, reduced the bioavailability of Cd and As, and blocked the migration of Cd and As under extreme rainfall leaching conditions. It also promoted the transformation of Cd and As into more stable forms, exhibiting satisfactory long-term stabilization performance for Cd and As.

Exploring the release mechanism of micro/nanoplastics from different layers of masks in water: towards reduction of plastic contamination in masks.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial quantity of disposable face masks was discarded, consisting of three layers of nonwoven fabric. However, their improper disposal led to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) when they ended up in aquatic environments. To analyze the release kinetics and size characteristics of these masks, release experiments were performed on commercially available disposable masks over a period of 7 days and micro- and nanoplastic releases were detected using fiber counting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The study's findings revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the quantity of MPs released among the layers of the masks. However, the quantity of NPs released from the middle layer of the mask was 25.9 ± 1.3 × 108 to 81.3 ± 5.3 × 108 particles/piece, significantly higher than the inner and outer layers (p < 0.05). The release process of micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) from each layer of the mask followed the Elovich equation and the power function equation, indicating that the release was divided into two stages. MPs in the range of 1-500 µm and NPs in the range of 100-300 nm dominated the release from each layer of the mask, accounting for an average of 93.81% and 67.52%, respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to reduce the release of M/NPs from masks during subsequent use.

[Mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating ulcerative colitis-related colorectal cancer by regulating NF-κB-related signaling pathways: a review].

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic, recurrent, and nonspecific intestinal inflammatory disease, which is difficult to cure and has the risk of deterioration into related tumors. Long-term chronic inflammatory stimulation can increase the risk of cancerization. With the signaling pathway as a key link in the regulation of tumor microenvironments, nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) is an important regulator of intestinal inflammation. It can also be co-regulated as downstream factors of other signaling pathways, such as TLR4, MAPK, STAT, PI3K, and so on. At present, a large number of animal experiments have proved that traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) can reduce inflammation by interfering with NF-κB-related signaling pathways, improve intestinal inflammation, and inhibit the progression of inflammation to tumors. This article reviewed the relationship between NF-κB-related signaling pathways and the intervention mechanism of TCM, so as to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of ulcerative colitis and the optimization of related cancer prevention strategies.

The role of transcriptional regulators in metal ion homeostasis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Metal ions are essential trace elements for all living organisms and play critical catalytic, structural, and allosteric roles in many enzymes and transcription factors. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), as an intracellular pathogen, is usually found in host macrophages, where the bacterium can survive and replicate. One of the reasons why Tuberculosis (TB) is so difficult to eradicate is the continuous adaptation of its pathogen. It is capable of adapting to a wide range of harsh environmental stresses, including metal ion toxicity in the host macrophages. Altering the concentration of metal ions is the common host strategy to limit MTB replication and persistence. This review mainly focuses on transcriptional regulatory proteins in MTB that are involved in the regulation of metal ions such as iron, copper and zinc. The aim is to offer novel insights and strategies for screening targets for TB treatment, as well as for the development and design of new therapeutic interventions.

[Effect of Film Mulching Age and Organic Fertilizer Application on the Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in the Soil of a Peanut Field].

The large input of mulch film and organic fertilizer have led to increasingly serious microplastic pollution in farmland soil of China. In this study, the microplastic pollution of peanut farmland in Dezhou City, Shandong Province was investigated. The effects of different mulching years (0, 3, 5, and 8 years) and organic fertilizer application on the abundance, particle size, color, and shape of microplastics in farmland soil were analyzed. The results showed that the average abundances of microplastics in peanut soil were 65.33, 316.00, 1 098.67, and 1 346.34 n·kg-1, respectively, after 0, 3, 5, and 8 years of film mulching. The abundance of microplastics decreased with the increase in soil depth. The abundance of microplastics in 0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm topsoil was 1 076.00, 603.5, and 440.25 n·kg-1, respectively, and the abundance of microplastics increased significantly with increasing years of film mulching and organic fertilizer application (P<0.05). The particle size of microplastics in the sample plot <1 mm accounted for 77.30% of the total content, and with the increase in film mulching age, the proportion of microplastics with small particle size (<1 mm) increased significantly (P < 0.05). With the increase in soil depth, the proportion of microplastics with small particle size also gradually increased, whereas the application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on the particle size of microplastics. The color of microplastics in the plot was mainly transparent (49.77%), followed by black (16.35%) and white (16.27%). The planting age and organic fertilizer application had no significant effect on the color of microplastics in the soil (P > 0.05), but the mulching age significantly increased the proportion of transparent microplastics. The abundance proportion of the five types of microplastics were 49.77%, 25.41%, 19.15%, 3.26%, and 2.41%, respectively. These field soil microplastics were mainly composed of polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) polymers, accounting for 21.37%, 18.57%, and 19.77% of the total, respectively. Therefore, microplastics were widely present in the soil of the peanut field cultivated layer in Dezhou, Shandong, and the applications of mulch film and organic fertilizer were the main source. This study provides an important basis for the prevention and control of soil microplastic pollution in peanut fields.

Glutathione ligand self-assembly enables luminescence from Au15 nanoclusters for highly sensitive and selective monitoring of blood Pb(II) ions.

Lead Pb(II) ions is a cumulative toxicant that impacts several biological systems and poses severe harm to young children. Accurate Pb(II) ions monitoring is thus of paramount importance. Here, we present the synthesis and application of glutathione-capped Au15 nanoclusters (Au15(SG)13) as a luminescence probe for the accurate and selective monitoring of blood Pb(II). The introduction of Pb(II) ions triggers orderly self-assembly of Au15 nanoclusters, resulting in the formation of rigid shell around Au nuclei. This limits the localized vibration of the glutathione ligands and their interaction with water molecules, greatly reducing non-radiative energy loss, and thereby enhancing the photoluminescence signal. Consequently, Au15(SG)13 nanoclusters exhibit high sensitivity for Pb(II) detection. The detection signal displays a linear relationship with Pb(II) over a wide detection range (0-800 µg/L), demonstrating a substantial sensitivity of 35.29 µg/L. Moreover, the developed nanoclusters show superior selectivity for Pb(II) ions, distinguishing them from other prevalent heavy metals. This work pave the way for the development of advanced Pb(II) sensors with high sensitivity and selectivity.

RNF220-mediated K63-linked polyubiquitination stabilizes Olig proteins during oligodendroglial development and myelination.

Maldevelopment of oligodendroglia underlies neural developmental disorders such as leukodystrophy. Precise regulation of the activity of specific transcription factors (TFs) by various posttranslational modifications (PTMs) is required to ensure proper oligodendroglial development and myelination. However, the role of ubiquitination of these TFs during oligodendroglial development is yet unexplored. Here, we find that RNF220, a known leukodystrophy-related E3 ubiquitin ligase, is required for oligodendroglial development. RNF220 depletion in oligodendrocyte lineage cells impedes oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation, differentiation, and (re)myelination, which consequently leads to learning and memory defects. Mechanistically, RNF220 targets Olig1/2 for K63-linked polyubiquitination and stabilization during oligodendroglial development. Furthermore, in a knock-in mouse model of leukodystrophy-related RNF220R365Q mutation, the ubiquitination and stabilization of Olig proteins are deregulated in oligodendroglial cells. This results in pathomimetic oligodendroglial developmental defects, impaired myelination, and abnormal behaviors. Together, our evidence provides an alternative insight into PTMs of oligodendroglial TFs and how this essential process may be implicated in the etiology of leukodystrophy.

One-step synthesis of ferrous disulfide and iron nitride modified hydrochar for enhanced adsorption and reduction of hexavalent chromium in Bacillus LD513 by promoting electron transfer and microbial metabolism.

Microbial immobilization technology is effective in improving bioremediation efficiency and heavy metal pollution. Herein, Bacillus LD513 with hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) tolerance was isolated and immobilized on a novel ferrous disulfide (FeS2)/iron nitride (FeN) modified hydrochar (Fe3-SNHC) prepared from waste straws. The prepared Fe3-SNHC-based LD513 (FeLD) significantly improves Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction by 31.4 % and 15.7 %, respectively, compared to LD513 alone. Furthermore, the FeLD composite system demonstrates efficient Cr(VI) removal efficiency and good environmental adaptability under different culture conditions. Microbial metabolism and electrochemical analysis indicate that Fe3-SNHC is an ideal carrier for protecting LD513 activity, promoting extracellular polymer secretion, and reducing oxidative stress. Additionally, the carrier serves as an electron shuttle that accelerates electron transfer and promotes Cr(VI) reduction. Overall, FeLD is an environmentally friendly biocomposite that shows good promise for reducing Cr(VI) contamination in wastewater treatment.

Perinatal outcomes comparison between neuraxial and general anesthesia in pregnant women with placenta accreta spectrum: a multicenter retrospective study.

PURPOSE: We investigated the impact of anesthesia mode on perinatal outcomes in patients with placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) undergoing cesarean delivery and identified factors associated with adverse perinatal events. METHODS: The multicenter retrospective analysis was conducted in patients with PAS who delivered at three medical centers. Patients were classified according to whether they received general anesthesia (GA) or neuraxial anesthesia (NA). We compared the basic clinical characteristics of patients in the pre-propensity score matching (PSM) and post-PSM cohorts and identified factors associated with a high risk of adverse maternal outcomes. RESULTS: This study included a total of 425 patients, with 307 (72.2%) in the GA group and 118 (27.8%) in the NA group. After PSM, 162 patients were identified for analysis. In the post-matched cohort, the NA group exhibited shorter total operation time (P = 0.030) and postoperative length of hospital stay (P = 0.037). Additionally, the NA group experienced lower intraoperative blood loss (P < 0.001) and received fewer units of transfused packed red blood cells (PRBC) (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that GA (P < 0.001), emergency cesarean delivery (P = 0.010), vascular lacunae within the placenta (P < 0.001), hypervascularity of uterine-placental margin (P = 0.002), hypervascularity of the cervix (P = 0.014), and balloon placement in the abdominal aorta (P < 0.001) were associated with a high risk of adverse maternal events. CONCLUSION: In comparison to GA, cesarean delivery with NA in PAS patients appears to be associated with reduced intraoperative blood loss, PRBC transfusion, operating duration, and postoperative hospital stay.

Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.

Extension of a biotic ligand model for predicting the toxicity of neodymium to wheat: The effects of pH, Ca2+ and Mg2.

The damage excessive neodymium (Nd) causes to animals and plants should not be underestimated. However, there is little research on the impact of pH and associated ions on the toxicity of Nd. Here, a biotic ligand model (BLM) was expanded to predict the effects of pH and chief anions on the toxic impact of Nd on wheat root elongation in a simulated soil solution. The results suggested that Nd3+ and NdOH2+ were the major ions causing phytotoxicity to wheat roots at pH values of 4.5-7.0. The Nd toxicity decreased as the activities of H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ increased but not when the activities of K+ and Na+ increased. The results indicated that H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ competed with Nd for binding sites. An extended BLM was developed to consider the effects of pH, H+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, and the following stability constants were obtained: logKNdBL = 2.51, logKNdOHBL = 3.90, logKHBL = 4.01, logKCaBL = 2.43, and logKMgBL = 2.70. The results demonstrated that the BLM could predict the Nd toxicity well while considering the competition of H+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and the toxic species Nd3+ and NdOH2+ for binding sites.

Bioinspired Hierarchical Self-Assembled Nanozyme for Efficient Antibacterial Treatment.

Along with the rapid development and ever-deepening understanding of nanoscience and nanotechnology, nanomaterials hold promise to mimic the highly evolved biological exquisite nanostructures and sophisticated functions. Here, inspired by the ubiquitous antibacterial nanostructures on the wing surfaces of some insects, a NiCo2 O4 nanozyme with self-adaptive hierarchical nanostructure is developed that can capture bacteria of various morphotypes via the physico-mechanical interaction between the nanostructure and bacteria. Moreover, the developed biomimetic nanostructure further exhibits superior peroxidase-like catalytic activity, which can catalytically generate highly toxic reactive oxygen species that disrupt bacterial membranes and induce bacterial apoptosis. Therefore, the mechano-catalytic coupling property of this NiCo2 O4 nanozyme allows for an extensive and efficient antibacterial application, with no concerns of antimicrobial resistance. This work suggests a promising strategy for the rational design of advanced antibacterial materials by mimicking biological antibiosis.

The activation mechanism of peroxymonosulfate and peroxydisulfate by modified hydrochar: Based on the multiple active sites formed by N and Fe.

Modified hydrochar (NHC@Fe), with multiple functional groups and transition metal oxide-containing surface, was successfully synthesized by one-step hydrothermal method. The differences in its catalytic activity for peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) activation were studied in detail. Experimental and DFT studies showed that abundant active sites, namely, transition metals and functional groups on NHC@Fe provided multiple effective pathways for the activation of persulfate (PS). The NHC@Fe/PMS and NHC@Fe/PDS systems could degrade about 80% of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) in 120 min and were found to be better than those modified by iron or nitrogen alone. This emphasized the advantage of N-Fe co-modification in persulfate activation. Although the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle accelerated the activation, the activation of PMS mainly relied on Fe3+, whereas that of PDS mainly relied on Fe2+. Moreover, Fe-N, pyrrolic N, pyridine N, C-O, and O-CO groups also played a key role in the activation process, but the dominant action sites were not the same. Multiple free radicals, such as SO4•-, •OH, O2•-, and 1O2 were generated in PMS and PDS activation systems. 1O2 induced non-free radical pathway was mainly involved in the degradation of TC in both activation systems, but the generation pathway of 1O2 was more direct and rapid in the PDS system. This study provides detailed DFT models of the active sites activated by PMS and PDS and discusses the activation pathways of PMS and PDS along with the similarities and differences in ROS reaction mechanisms.

Arginine-Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Nanozymes against Gram-Negative Bacteria.

The continuous reduction of clinically available antibiotics has made it imperative to exploit more effective antimicrobial therapies, especially for difficult-to-treat Gram-negative pathogens. Herein, it is shown that the combination of an antimicrobial nanozyme with the clinically compatible basic amino acid L-arginine affords a potent treatment for infections with Gram-negative pathogens. In particular, the antimicrobial activity of the antimicrobial nanozyme is dramatically increased by ≈1000-fold after L-arginine stimulation. Specifically, the combination therapy enhances bacterial outer and inner membrane permeability and promotes intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Moreover, the metabolomic and transcriptomic results reveal that combination treatment leads to the increased ROS-mediated damage by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, thereby inducing an imbalance of the antioxidant and oxidant systems. Importantly, L-arginine dramatically significantly accelerates the healing of infected wounds in mouse models of multidrug-resistant peritonitis-sepsis and skin wound infection. Overall, this work demonstrates a novel synergistic antibacterial strategy by combining the antimicrobial nanozymes with L-arginine, which substantively facilitates the nanozyme-mediated killing of pathogens by promoting ROS production.

Source apportionment and source-specific risk assessment of bioavailable metals in river sediments of an anthropogenically influenced watershed in China.

Integrated source analysis and risk assessment of metals facilitate the development of targeted risk management strategies. However, previous studies usually addressed total concentration rather than bioavailability, and consequently overestimated metal risk, especially natural source-related risk. In this study, a source-specific risk assessment was conducted by integrating the source analysis of bioavailable metals in surface sediments. Moreover, risk assessment was performed using two bioavailability-based indices: the total availability risk index (TARI) and a modified index of mean probable effect concentration quotients (mPEC-Q). A representative river watershed in eastern China was selected as the study area. Findings revealed that the total concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Ni in the sediments were 1.4-2.2 times higher than the local soil background values. Using a modified community bureau of reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure, the dominant fraction for Pb, Cu, Zn, and Cr in the studied area was found to be the residual fraction, constituting 53.63-62.44% of the total concentrations. This suggested that a significant portion of the metals potentially originated from natural sources. Nevertheless, the concentration enrichment ratio (CER) indicated that anthropogenic sources contributed significantly, accounting for 67.84-87.68% of bioavailable metals. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model further identified three different sources of bioavailable metals, with a descending concentration contribution sequence of industrial sources (37.61%), mixed traffic and natural sources (33.17%), and agricultural sources (29.22%). Both the TARI and mPEC-Q index values indicated that the bioavailable metals generally posed a moderate risk, and Ni was the priority pollutant. Industrial sources contributed the most to the total risk, although the contribution from TARI-based assessment (37.27%) was lower than that from the mPEC-Q assessment (46.43%). This study provides an example of the consideration of metal bioavailability in the context of source-specific risk assessments to develop more reasonable management strategies.

DosR's multifaceted role on Mycobacterium bovis BCG revealed through multi-omics.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an intracellular bacterium that causes a highly contagious and potentially lethal tuberculosis (TB) in humans. It can maintain a dormant TB infection within the host. DosR (dormancy survival regulator) (Rv3133c) has been recognized as one of the key transcriptional proteins regulating bacterial dormancy and participating in various metabolic processes. In this study, we extensively investigate the still not well-comprehended role and mechanism of DosR in Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) through a combined omics analysis. Our study finds that deleting DosR significantly affects the transcriptional levels of 104 genes and 179 proteins. Targeted metabolomics data for amino acids indicate that DosR knockout significantly upregulates L-Aspartic acid and serine synthesis, while downregulating seven other amino acids, including L-histidine and lysine. This suggests that DosR regulates amino acid synthesis and metabolism. Taken together, these findings provide molecular and metabolic bases for DosR effects, suggesting that DosR may be a novel regulatory target.

Photocatalytic degradation of polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics by α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4.

This study investigated the photodegradation of microplastics (MPs) by α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4. The effects of α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 on MPs' surface were investigated through various techniques. With the addition of α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 and under visible light irradiation, cracks and folds were observed on the MP films and particles. Compared to the treatment without photocatalyst addition, the mass loss of MPs increased with irradiation time when α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 was added. Specifically, polystyrene films and particles in water showed 9.94% and 7.81% increased mass loss, respectively. The degradation of MPs using α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 demonstrated the behavior consistent with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The presence of α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 led to an increase in surface oxygen-containing functional groups and crystallinity while decreasing the average molecular weight of MPs. After 30 days of irradiation, the characteristic tensile bands of MPs with α-Fe2O3/g-C3N4 significantly increased, and the detection of carboxyl bands indicated the formation of carboxylic acid, ketones, and lactones as degradation products.

Mycobacteriophages in diagnosis and alternative treatment of mycobacterial infections.

Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing threat to human populations. The emergence of multidrug-resistant "superbugs" in mycobacterial infections has further complicated the processes of curing patients, thereby resulting in high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and alternative treatment are important for improving the success and cure rates associated with mycobacterial infections and the use of mycobacteriophages is a potentially good option. Since each bacteriophage has its own host range, mycobacteriophages have the capacity to detect specific mycobacterial isolates. The bacteriolysis properties of mycobacteriophages make them more attractive when it comes to treating infectious diseases. In fact, they have been clinically applied in Eastern Europe for several decades. Therefore, mycobacteriophages can also treat mycobacteria infections. This review explores the potential clinical applications of mycobacteriophages, including phage-based diagnosis and phage therapy in mycobacterial infections. Furthermore, this review summarizes the current difficulties in phage therapy, providing insights into new treatment strategies against drug-resistant mycobacteria.

Effects of biochar amendment and organic fertilizer on microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of wheat in Yellow River Delta saline-alkaline soil.

The biochar and organic fertilizer amendment have been used as an effective practice to increase soil fertility. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of microbial community response to organic fertilizer and biochar application on saline-alkali soil have not been clarified. This study investigated the effects at different concentrations of organic fertilizer and biochar on the microbial community of wheat rhizosphere soil under field experiment in the Yellow River Delta (China, YRD), using high-throughput sequencing technology. Biochar and organic fertilizer significantly influenced in most soil parameters (p < 0.05), apart from soil moisture content (M), pH, total nitrogen (TN) and soil total phosphorus (TP). Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota were found in the rhizosphere soil as the main bacterial phyla, and the main fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. The soil bacterial and fungal communities under organic fertilizer were distinct from CK. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) directed that changes in bacterial communities were related to soil properties like pH, available phosphorus (AP), and total organic carbon (TOC), while pH, AP and TP, were crucial contributors in regulating fungal distribution. The correlation between soil parameters and bacteria or fungi varied with the application of biochar and organic fertilizers, and the interaction between the bacteria and fungi in organic fertilizer treatments formed more connections compared with biochar treatments. Our results indicated that biochar was superior to organic fertilizer under the contents set up in this study, and soil parameters increased with biochar and organic fertilizer application rate. The diversity and structure of soil bacteria and fungi differed with the application of biochar and organic fertilizer. The research provides a reference to rational application of organic fertilizer and biochar improvement in saline-alkali soil.